ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ
ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱢ ᱠᱚ: § ᱑᱘᱕.᱖ᱥᱤ᱾
ᱱᱚᱴᱥ: } } } } ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱝ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱾
ᱧᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ: ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱠᱟᱨᱮᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱜᱡᱚᱴᱱᱟᱢ: ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱟᱨᱞ: ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱨᱤᱡᱽ
ᱮᱯᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱥ, ᱮᱠᱥ, ᱮᱠᱥ, ᱮᱠᱥ/᱑,᱔,᱑,᱔,᱖,᱔,᱘,᱑/᱑,᱘,᱑,᱑,᱔,᱗,᱘,᱔:᱒,᱑,᱘,᱑,᱑,᱗,᱔,᱗,᱑,᱔,᱗,᱒,᱑,᱑,᱗,᱓,᱗,᱒,᱑,᱾
Finish: Plain, Black Oxide, Zinc Plated, Thick-Film Passivated(ZSML), Zinc Flake, Silver(ZFSHL), Hot Dipped Galvanized, Organic, Geomet, Dacromet, Phosphating, Cadmium Electroplate, Nickel Plated
https://www.imps.1013576, 1983, 157. 147. 17. 24. ᱜᱨᱟᱱᱰ, ᱮ. (ᱜ) ᱢᱮᱰᱤᱠᱮᱭᱟᱨ, ᱡᱮ.ᱥᱤ.
ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ/ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾
ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣᱠᱚ: ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱨᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱹᱞᱩᱭ ᱢᱮ
ᱮᱢᱮᱢ: ᱑᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤᱢ
ᱚᱠᱛᱚ: ᱖ᱺ᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱾
ᱤᱱᱡᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ
ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ (Hobers) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱠᱷᱤᱱ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱽᱨᱤᱴᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱵᱽᱨᱮᱠ/ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱨᱤᱰ ᱢᱚᱰᱮᱞ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ https://www.govery.com ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ
ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ | ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ |
ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ | ᱥᱠᱨᱤᱱᱤᱝ ᱵᱚᱦᱚᱜ ᱨᱮ |
ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱢ | ᱠᱟᱨᱞᱴᱚᱱ |
ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ | ᱵᱤ. ᱑᱘᱖᱔᱾ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ᱾ |
/ | ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱠᱚᱱ |
ᱰᱤ | 0#,1#,2#,3#,4#,5#,6#,7#,8#,10#,12#,1/4,5/16 |
ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ | Plain, Black Oxide, Zinc Plated, Thick-Film Passivated(ZSML), Zinc Flake, Silver(ZFSHL), Hot Dipped Galvanized, Organic, Geomet, Dacromet, Phosphating, Cadmium Electroplate, Nickel Plated |
ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ | ᱨᱮᱵᱷ. ᱡᱮ., 1966. 1868. 1636, 1983, 2011. 24. ᱛᱷᱳᱢᱥ ᱡᱮ. ᱮᱢ. (ᱥᱟᱦᱴᱟ 78)᱾ |
ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱚᱱᱥ | ᱨᱮᱰ-᱑ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱰᱨᱟᱭᱵᱷᱤᱝ ᱥᱴᱟᱨᱴᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱾ |
ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟᱨ | ᱮᱞᱟᱨᱢ |
ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ | ᱱᱳᱰ ᱕ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱝ_ᱯᱷᱞᱳᱴ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ |
ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ

| ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢᱴᱤᱠ ᱰᱤ d | 0# | 1# | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | 7# | 8# | 10# | 12# | 1/4 | 5/16 | |
| d | ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ | 0.0600 | 0.0730 | 0.0860 | 0.0990 | 0.1120 | 0.1250 | 0.1380 | 0.1510 | 0.1640 | 0.1900 | 0.2160 | 0.2500 | 0.3125 |
| L | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 3/16 | 3/16 | 3/16 | 7/32 | 1/4 | 1/4 | 5/16 | 3/8 | 7/16 | 1/2 | 9/16 | 5/8 | 13/16 |
| dk | ᱮᱢ | 0.112 | 0.137 | 0.162 | 0.187 | 0.212 | 0.237 | 0.262 | 0.287 | 0.312 | 0.362 | 0.412 | 0.477 | 0.597 |
| ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.096 | 0.120 | 0.144 | 0.167 | 0.191 | 0.215 | 0.238 | 0.262 | 0.285 | 0.333 | 0.380 | 0.442 | 0.556 | |
| k | ᱨᱮᱯ᱾ | 0.035 | 0.043 | 0.051 | 0.059 | 0.067 | 0.075 | 0.083 | 0.091 | 0.100 | 0.116 | 0.132 | 0.153 | 0.191 |
| f | ᱨᱮᱯ᱾ | 0.021 | 0.025 | 0.029 | 0.033 | 0.037 | 0.041 | 0.045 | 0.049 | 0.052 | 0.060 | 0.068 | 0.079 | 0.099 |
| h | ᱨᱮᱯ᱾ | 0.056 | 0.068 | 0.080 | 0.092 | 0.104 | 0.116 | 0.128 | 0.140 | 0.152 | 0.176 | 0.200 | 0.232 | 0.290 |
| n | ᱮᱢ | 0.023 | 0.026 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.043 | 0.048 | 0.048 | 0.054 | 0.060 | 0.067 | 0.075 | 0.084 |
| ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.016 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.027 | 0.031 | 0.035 | 0.039 | 0.039 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.056 | 0.064 | 0.072 | |
| t | ᱮᱢ | 0.030 | 0.038 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.059 | 0.067 | 0.074 | 0.081 | 0.088 | 0.103 | 0.117 | 0.136 | 0.171 |
| ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.037 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.055 | 0.060 | 0.066 | 0.072 | 0.084 | 0.096 | 0.112 | 0.141 | |
ᱠᱭᱩᱯᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱢᱚᱴ

ᱯᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱴᱤ ᱭᱩᱴᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ

ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱱᱠᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱩᱥᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱠᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾
15. 1. ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱩᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱟ᱾
2. ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱰᱚᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾
᱓. ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
᱔. ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱠᱨᱩᱰᱨᱟᱭᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
■ ᱦᱟᱭ-ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱞᱩᱠᱚᱡᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
- ᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱥᱟᱹᱨᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱯᱤᱰ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
᱗. ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱮᱭ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱠᱱᱤᱠᱤ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
800. U.S. akana ko, ko, aution , 300 ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱴ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱭᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱥᱚᱱᱟᱱ

ᱠᱚᱠᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱴᱤᱝ

ᱭᱩᱵᱤᱮᱭᱮᱥᱮᱥᱮᱭᱮᱥ

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ᱦᱚᱜᱽᱥ: ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ, ᱥᱤᱠᱟᱜᱳ, ᱠᱟᱨᱴᱩᱱ, ᱠᱮᱢᱤᱠᱮᱞ, ᱥᱤᱠᱲᱤ, ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ,













