ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾
ᱮᱢ. ᱮᱢ. ᱥᱤ.:᱑᱑᱗᱑ ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ §᱒᱕᱐᱾
ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝ: ᱥᱞᱚᱴ ᱥᱯᱟᱨᱠᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱥᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱾
ᱢᱮᱴ: ᱥᱴᱩᱰᱤᱭᱚᱥ
ᱥᱤ-᱓:᱓-᱓ ᱥᱤ ᱮᱢ ᱓᱔ £᱑.᱒᱕ ᱥᱤ ᱮᱢ: ᱑-᱒ ᱥᱤ ᱮᱢ᱾
ᱰᱤᱰᱤ:: ᱤᱧ ᱔ ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ, ᱑/᱔, ᱑/᱑᱑, ᱑/᱘, ᱑/᱘, ᱑, ᱑/᱘, ᱑, ᱑, ᱑/᱒, ᱑, ᱑,§ ᱑,§ ᱑,§ ᱑,§ ᱑,§ ᱒,᱑,᱑,§ ᱑,§§ ᱑,§ ᱒,᱑,᱑,§᱙,§᱙,§ ᱒/᱔/᱑᱙᱒ »᱑ § § § ᱱᱳᱴ ᱑, ᱥᱤᱮᱥᱰᱤ/᱑/᱑/᱑/᱑/᱑/᱑/᱑/᱑/᱒᱐᱑ ᱟᱨ § § § ᱱᱳᱴ § ᱱᱳᱴ § ᱱᱳᱴ § ᱱᱳᱴ § ᱱᱳᱴ § ᱱᱳᱴᱥ
ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ: ᱯᱮᱭᱢᱮᱱᱴ, ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱥ,
:------ ᱦᱮᱱᱫᱮ
https://www.imp.1987, 2017. 1837, 2018.
ᱮᱢᱮᱢ: ᱑᱐᱐᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱢᱤᱢ
ᱚᱠᱛᱚ: ᱖ᱺ᱓᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱟᱹᱭᱩᱵ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱾
ᱤᱱᱡᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ
ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ (Howersion) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱨᱚᱴ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱮᱞᱤᱠᱚᱯᱴᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱭᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱩᱯᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱨᱰᱣᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱡᱮᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱮᱰᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾ ᱟᱞᱮ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱯᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ, ᱥᱚᱞᱦᱟ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱾

ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱮᱵᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱭᱠᱨᱚᱥᱚᱯᱷᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱡ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱣ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ https://www.govery.com ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ᱾
ᱯᱤ ᱰᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱤ
| ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ | ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝᱯᱷᱤᱞᱰ ᱥᱞᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ |
| ᱢᱮᱠᱥᱤᱢ | ᱥᱞᱚᱴ ᱠᱚ |
| ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨᱳᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱱᱮᱴᱣᱟᱨᱠ | ᱵᱤ. ᱑᱘᱑᱒. ᱑ |
| ᱯᱷᱨᱤ ᱪᱟᱱᱟᱪ | ᱓/᱔ ′′ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ~ ~ ~ ᱔᱒ £᱑᱒᱕᱾ |
ᱰᱤ | 2#,3#,4#,5#,6#,8#,10#,12#,1/4,5/16,3/8,7/16,1/2,9/16,5/8,11/16,3/4,13/16,7/8,15/16,1,1-1/16,1-1/8,1-3/16,1-1/4,1-5/16,1-3/8,1-7/16,1-1/2,1-5/8,1-3/4,1-7/8,2,2-1/4,2-1/2,2-3/4,3 |
| ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ | ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ, ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ, ᱯᱮᱭᱰ |
| ᱥᱤᱞᱤᱱᱰᱟᱨ | ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱟᱥ/ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱾ |
| ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ | ᱰᱤ. ᱮᱢ., ᱑᱙᱘᱒, ᱑᱘᱘᱓. ᱑᱑᱐. ᱑᱘᱗᱒, ᱥᱤᱵᱤᱮᱥ ᱮᱢᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤ.ᱥᱤ.ᱥᱤ. |
ᱰᱤᱞᱟᱨᱥᱤᱯ ᱠᱚ

| ᱮᱠᱥ | 2# | 3# | 4# | 5# | 6# | 8# | 10# | 12# | 1/4 | 5/16 | 3/8 | 7/16 | 1/2 | |
| d | ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ | 0.0860 | 0.0990 | 0.1120 | 0.1250 | 0.1380 | 0.1640 | 0.1900 | 0.2160 | 0.2500 | 0.3125 | 0.3750 | 0.4375 | 0.5000 |
| ᱮᱢ | 0.094 | 0.107 | 0.120 | 0.133 | 0.148 | 0.174 | 0.200 | 0.227 | 0.260 | 0.322 | 0.385 | 0.450 | 0.512 | |
| ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.088 | 0.101 | 0.114 | 0.127 | 0.141 | 0.167 | 0.193 | 0.220 | 0.252 | 0.314 | 0.377 | 0.440 | 0.502 | |
| dc | ᱮᱢ | 0.172 | 0.195 | 0.209 | 0.236 | 0.250 | 0.293 | 0.334 | 0.377 | 0.487 | 0.583 | 0.680 | 0.776 | 0.869 |
| h | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.020 | 0.025 | 0.025 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.040 | 0.047 | 0.056 | 0.062 | 0.078 | 0.094 | 0.109 | 0.125 |
| n | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.035 | 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.047 | 0.047 | 0.055 | 0.062 | 0.070 | 0.109 | 0.125 | 0.141 | 0.156 | 0.171 |
| n1 | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.024 | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.038 | 0.043 | 0.049 | 0.076 | 0.087 | 0.099 | 0.109 | 0.120 |
| ᱮᱠᱥ | 9/16 | 5/8 | 11/16 | 3/4 | 13/16 | 7/8 | 15/16 | 1 | 1-1/16 | 1-1/8 | 1-3/16 | 1-1/4 | 1-5/16 | |
| d | ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ | 0.5625 | 0.6250 | 0.6875 | 0.7500 | 0.8125 | 0.8750 | 0.9375 | 1.0000 | 1.0625 | 1.1250 | 1.1875 | 1.2500 | 1.3125 |
| ᱮᱢ | 0.574 | 0.641 | 0.704 | 0.766 | 0.832 | 0.894 | 0.958 | 1.024 | 1.087 | 1.153 | 1.217 | 1.280 | 1.344 | |
| ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.564 | 0.628 | 0.691 | 0.753 | 0.816 | 0.878 | 0.941 | 1.003 | 1.066 | 1.129 | 1.192 | 1.254 | 1.317 | |
| dc | ᱮᱢ | 0.965 | 1.073 | 1.170 | 1.265 | 1.363 | 1.459 | 1.556 | 1.656 | 1.751 | 1.847 | 1.943 | 2.036 | 2.133 |
| h | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.141 | 0.156 | 0.172 | 0.188 | 0.203 | 0.219 | 0.234 | 0.250 | 0.266 | 0.281 | 0.297 | 0.312 | 0.328 |
| n | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.188 | 0.203 | 0.219 | 0.234 | 0.250 | 0.266 | 0.281 | 0.297 | 0.312 | 0.328 | 0.344 | 0.359 | 0.375 |
| n1 | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.132 | 0.142 | 0.153 | 0.164 | 0.175 | 0.186 | 0.197 | 0.208 | 0.218 | 0.230 | 0.241 | 0.251 | 0.262 |
| ᱮᱠᱥ | 1-3/8 | 1-7/16 | 1-1/2 | 1-5/8 | 1-3/4 | 1-7/8 | 2 | 2-1/4 | 2-1/2 | 2-3/4 | 3 | |
| d | ᱵᱟᱝ ᱴᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ | 1.3750 | 1.4375 | 1.5000 | 1.6250 | 1.7500 | 1.8750 | 2.0000 | 2.2500 | 2.5000 | 2.7500 | 3.0000 |
| ᱮᱢ | 1.408 | 1.472 | 1.534 | 1.663 | 1.789 | 1.914 | 2.039 | 2.293 | 2.543 | 2.793 | 3.043 | |
| ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 1.379 | 1.442 | 1.504 | 1.633 | 1.758 | 1.883 | 2.008 | 2.262 | 2.512 | 2.762 | 3.012 | |
| dc | ᱮᱢ | 2.219 | 2.324 | 2.419 | 2.553 | 2.679 | 2.811 | 2.936 | 3.221 | 3.471 | 3.824 | 4.074 |
| h | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.344 | 0.359 | 0.375 | 0.389 | 0.389 | 0.422 | 0.422 | 0.440 | 0.440 | 0.458 | 0.458 |
| n | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.391 | 0.406 | 0.422 | 0.424 | 0.424 | 0.427 | 0.427 | 0.442 | 0.442 | 0.491 | 0.491 |
| n1 | ᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ | 0.274 | 0.284 | 0.295 | 0.297 | 0.297 | 0.299 | 0.299 | 0.309 | 0.309 | 0.344 | 0.344 |
ᱠᱭᱩᱯᱤᱥᱤ ᱨᱤᱢᱚᱴ

ᱯᱤ ᱥᱤ ᱴᱤ ᱭᱩᱴᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮ

ᱣᱤᱥᱠᱚᱱᱥᱤᱱ ᱥᱯᱨᱤᱝᱥ ᱮᱥᱴᱤ ᱮᱥ ᱮᱥ ᱮᱥ ᱮᱯ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱾
1. 4. extion lạgit̕ kana kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ jạruṛ ge kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕, ᱟᱨ e.g.
2. ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱩᱥᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱴᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱾
3. gạḍi jạruṛ gạḍi kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạṛhi ḍạr kạmi lạgit́, extion, ar kạmi lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ lạgit̕ kạmi lạgit́, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾
4. ᱦᱟᱭᱵᱽᱨᱤᱰ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱨᱤᱵᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱤᱡ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
95. ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱚᱨᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
6. ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱟᱱᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱮᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱞᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱱᱜᱚᱛᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱥᱢᱟᱨᱴᱯᱷᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱦᱚᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾
ᱤᱧ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱱᱛᱚᱥᱚᱱᱟᱱ

ᱠᱚᱠᱴᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱯᱮᱴᱤᱝ

ᱭᱩᱵᱤᱮᱭᱮᱥᱮᱥᱮᱭᱮᱥ

ᱥᱟᱱᱥᱟᱭᱤᱱᱥ?

ᱦᱚᱜᱽᱥ: ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ, ᱪᱟᱭᱱᱟ, ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱫᱟᱢ, ᱥᱴᱤᱞ, ᱠᱤᱨᱤᱧ, ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ, ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ, ᱫᱟᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
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